Real Estate

Commercial lease agreements may include tenant options for additional space. Additional space options can be structured in several ways, but most commonly they are structured as rights of first offer or rights of first refusal options. This Practice Note provides negotiating tips, guidance and explanations of right of first offer and right of first refusal options for additional space in a commercial building.   

This Note provides an outline of the steps and procedures involved in closing a commercial real estate loan. While this Note gives practical guidance for closing a typical first priority permanent loan secured by a single parcel of real estate, the information is very useful for other types of commercial real estate loans. Many of the steps and procedures outlined in this Note are fundamental closing procedures that are often applicable to many other types of commercial real estate loans, including corporate loans secured by multiple parcels of real estate in several different states.    

This Practice Note provides an introduction to the environmental due diligence process regarding commercial real estate loans. Specifically, this Note discusses the importance and scope of environmental due diligence, the role and qualifications of the environmental consultant, the procedures involved in conducting a Phase I and Phase II environmental site assessment (ESA) and the actions necessary following a Phase I or Phase II investigation. This Note also highlights duties and responsibilities for the lender's counsel and borrower's counsel during the environmental due diligence process.

This Practice Note provides guidance on the steps a lender in a commercial real estate loan transaction can take to minimize its risks of environmental liability under federal law. Specifically, this Note discusses how a lender can maintain protection under the secured creditor exemption of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Liability and Compensation Act (CERCLA), also known as the federal Superfund law.

This Practice Note discusses non-recourse guaranties and their role in commercial real estate lending. It analyzes developments in non-recourse carve-out guaranties over time and some of the surprising recent court decisions that interpret and apply non-recourse carve-out provisions.  

This Note discusses commercial first-party property insurance policies by focusing on key terms, provisions and exclusions.

This Practice Note provides an outline and a summary of emerging laws and practices related to the greening of real estate.

This Practice Note provides guidance for abstracting an office lease. It also highlights and summarizes the key provisions typically found in an office lease. Though office leases are primarily governed by state and local laws where the premises are located, the information contained in this resource is useful and relevant for leases in every state. For a model form of lease summary chart for a multi-tenant office building, see Standard Document, Office Leasing: Summary Chart.

This Practice Note explains the key terms in a letter of intent, and offers general guidance and tips for a tenant negotiating a letter of intent for a mid-sized office space in a multi-tenant office building. Letters of intent are governed by state and local laws, but this Practice Note is relevant to tenants in every state. For state specific guidance on office leasing matters, including letters of intent, see Real Estate Leasing: State Q&A Tool.

This Note provides an outline of the key issues to consider when planning the management structure in a joint venture formed to develop real property.

This Note provides an overview of the basic US federal income tax rules that apply to leases and sale leasebacks of real property.

A security interest in most types of personal property can be perfected by filing a UCC-1 financing statement. Creditors of a debtor may conduct a search against a debtor to discover any financing statements or other liens filed against that debtor. This Note is a discussion of the issues relating to conducting and reviewing UCC searches.

This Standard Document transfers title and legal interest in the property from the grantor to the grantee. In New York, a bargain and sale deed with covenant against grantor's acts provides the grantee with a covenant that the grantor has not committed any act that would encumber title to the real property being conveyed. This Standard Document has integrated notes with explanations and drafting and negotiating tips.

This closing statement can be used for a closing binder that is prepared after a real estate transaction has closed. Closing statements are used in acquisition and lending transactions. This Standard Document is for a commercial real estate transaction involving the acquisition of real estate with permanent financing. This Standard Document has integrated notes with important explanations and drafting tips.

A loan closing checklist used by the borrower, the lender and their counsel. This Standard Document can be used to stay organized and keep track of the many documents involved in a typical commercial real estate loan. This Standard Document has integrated notes with important explanations and drafting and negotiating tips.

A real estate due diligence request list for use in connection with the purchase of a real estate complex, such as one or more commercial buildings, a shopping center or an office park. Additionally, it may be modified specifically for real estate related issues for use by real estate specialists on an M&A transaction that includes real estate assets. This Standard Document has integrated notes with important explanations and drafting tips.

This is a standard form of forbearance agreement to be used when a borrower defaults under a loan agreement and the parties are negotiating an out-of-court restructuring. This Standard Document has integrated notes with important explanations and drafting and negotiating tips.

Form of landlord's consent to be used when a tenant requests the landlord's consent for an assignment of its lease and the landlord agrees to grant its consent. This Standard Document has integrated notes with important explanations and drafting tips. 

A license agreement between an owner of real property and an individual or company for the use of the property during a specified amount of time for a license fee. This Standard Document has integrated notes with important explanations and drafting and negotiating tips.

A long-form agreement for the leasing of office space in a multi-tenant office building drafted in favor of the landlord. Though an office lease is primarily governed by state and local laws, the information contained in this resource is useful and relevant to landlords and tenants in every state. This Standard Document has integrated notes with important explanations and tips for drafting and negotiating an office lease.

This Standard Document is a limited guaranty agreement for an office lease where the guarantor unconditionally guarantees the performance of the tenant's monetary and non-monetary obligations under the lease agreement until the date the tenant (or other occupants) vacate the leased premises. This kind of limited guaranty is also known as a good guy guaranty or a vacating guaranty. This Standard Document has integrated notes with important explanations and drafting tips.

Rules and regulations for an office building are usually listed in a schedule attached to the lease. The tenant must follow these rules during its tenancy. This Standard Document contains standard rules and regulations typically attached to an office lease. A landlord usually has a non-negotiable form of rules and regulations for its building. This Standard Document has integrated notes with explanatory, drafting and negotiating tips.

This Standard Document provides an abstract form for the key provisions often found in an office lease for a multi-tenant office building. This summary chart is a useful tool for keeping track of on-going lease negotiations and as a summary of the lease when it is finalized. For a more detailed summary of the topics outlined in this Standard Document see Practice Note, Office Leasing: Guide to Summarizing a Lease. 

A tenant's certification of certain material terms of its lease. This Standard Document is drafted from the lender's perspective in the context of a landlord's financing and contains negotiating tips and advice for the tenant. State and local laws govern the enforceability and interpretation of tenant estoppel certificates, but this document is useful and relevant to tenants in every state. This Standard Document has integrated notes with important explanations and drafting and negotiating tips for the tenant.

This Standard Document transfers to the grantee whatever title and legal interest the grantor has in the real property. In New York, a quitclaim deed provides no covenants or warranties to the grantee other than the covenant relating to Section 13 of the New York Lien Law. This Standard Document has integrated notes with explanatory, drafting and negotiating tips.

This Standard Document is used in the context of an acquisition for commercial real property where the purchaser transfers its interest in the purchase and sale agreement to a third party or an affiliated entity. This Standard Document has integrated notes with drafting tips.

This Standard Document is used in transactions for the purchase and sale of commercial real estate where the purchase includes the assignment of existing contracts affecting the real property and its operations. The seller assigns, and the purchaser assumes, the seller's interest, obligations and liabilities under the existing contracts as of the closing date. The assignment and assumption of contracts should be prepared and signed by both parties at the closing. This Standard Document has integrated notes with important explanatory and drafting tips.

This Standard Document is a consent form for a Delaware or New York limited liabiltiy company (LLC) that is purchasing and financing real property. This consent authorizes the managing member to enter into the purchase agreement and loan agreement, and to execute and deliver the instruments for closing the transaction. This Standard Document has integrated notes with explanatory, drafting and negotiating tips.

This Standard Document is delivered by a landlord to each of its tenants when the landlord's property is sold to a third party. It provides the tenants with notice of the new landlord's name and address and where all rental payments are to be sent. This Standard Document has integrated notes with explanatory and drafting tips.

Standard Clauses providing an office tenant with the right to lease additional space in the building where its premises are located. In these Standard Clauses the tenant is granted three space options. These Standard Clauses have integrated notes with important explanations and drafting tips.

Standard Clauses providing for the conditional subordination of a tenant's lease to any future landlord liens relating to the landlord's mortgage or ground lease that can be included in an office lease. The subordination of the lease to the landlord's mortgage, or ground lease, may be conditioned under certain circumstances on the tenant's receipt of a subordination, non-disturbance and attornment agreement (SNDA). These Standard Clauses have integrated notes with important explanations and drafting tips.

These Standard Clauses, which are found in real estate purchase agreements, provide the purchaser with the right to perfom due diligence including title searches and physical investigations on the property after executing the purchase agreement. After the investigations, the purchaser may terminate the agreement in its sole discretion on or before a specified date. These due diligence clauses are also known as free-look clauses. These Standard Clauses have integrated notes with important explanations and drafting and negotiating tips.

A Checklist that outlines practical issues a tenant should consider before signing its office lease. This resource also provides useful information for a tenant to effectively negotiate its office lease. This Checklist does not address relevant state and local law. State and local laws may require additional matters to be considered by the tenant before it finalizes its lease, but the information contained in this resource will be useful and relevant to tenants negotiating an office lease in every state. For state-specific guidance on real estate leasing, see Real Estate Leasing: State Q&A Tool.

This Checklist identifies potential pitfalls that may cause a real estate investment trust (REIT) to lose its REIT status or be subject to penalty taxes and sets out ways to avoid or fix these problems. For more information about REITs, see Practice Note, REITs: Overview.

A Q&A guide to foreign investment in commercial real estate in Delaware. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact out-of-state domestic company investors and foreign (non-US) company investors. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Foreign Investment in Real Estate: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to foreign investment in commercial real estate in Massachusetts. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact out-of-state domestic company investors and foreign (non-US) company investors. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Foreign Investment in Real Estate: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to foreign investment in commercial real estate in Nevada. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact out-of-state domestic company investors and foreign (non-US) company investors. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Foreign Investment in Real Estate: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to foreign investment in commercial real estate in New York. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact out-of-state domestic company investors and foreign (non-US) company investors. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Foreign Investment in Real Estate: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to foreign investment in commercial real estate in Texas. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact out-of-state domestic company investors and foreign (non-US) company investors. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Foreign Investment in Real Estate: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to foreign investment in commercial real estate in Wisconsin. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact out-of-state domestic company investors and foreign (non-US) company investors. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Foreign Investment in Real Estate: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to state laws and customs on managing commercial real estate leases in Illinois.

A Q&A guide to state laws and customs on managing commercial real estate leases.

A Q&A guide to state laws and customs on brokerage laws relating to commercial real estate transactions. This Q&A addresses the state-specific guidance on several questions relating to brokerage laws and customs, including, licensing requirements, legal restrictions on a broker's role in a real estate transaction, brokerage agreements, commission payments and brokers' lien rights. This Q&A guide also provides guidance on any licensing requirements for managing commercial real estate.

A Q&A guide to real estate finance law for borrowers and lenders in Alabama. This Q&A addresses state laws relating to security instruments, usury laws, limitations on personal liability, recording requirements and taxes, priority issues, mechanics' liens, landlord liens, title insurance matters, and foreclosure procedures primarily impacting lending transactions in a commercial context. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Finance: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to real estate finance law for borrowers and lenders in California. This Q&A addresses state laws relating to security instruments, usury laws, limitations on personal liability, recording requirements and taxes, priority issues, mechanics' liens, landlord liens, title insurance matters, and foreclosure procedures primarily impacting lending transactions in a commercial context. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Finance: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to real estate finance law for borrowers and lenders in Delaware. This Q&A addresses state laws relating to security instruments, usury laws, limitations on personal liability, recording requirements and taxes, priority issues, mechanics' liens, landlord liens, title insurance matters, and foreclosure procedures primarily impacting lending transactions in a commercial context. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Finance: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to real estate finance law for borrowers and lenders in Illinois. This Q&A addresses state laws relating to security instruments, usury laws, limitations on personal liability, recording requirements and taxes, priority issues, mechanics' liens, landlord liens, title insurance matters, and foreclosure procedures primarily impacting lending transactions in a commercial context. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Finance: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to real estate finance law for borrowers and lenders in Missouri. This Q&A addresses state laws relating to security instruments, usury laws, limitations on personal liability, recording requirements and taxes, priority issues, mechanics' liens, landlord liens, title insurance matters, and foreclosure procedures primarily impacting lending transactions in a commercial context. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Finance: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to real estate finance law for borrowers and lenders in New Jersey. This Q&A addresses state laws relating to security instruments, usury laws, limitations on personal liability, recording requirements and taxes, priority issues, mechanics' liens, landlord liens, title insurance matters, and foreclosure procedures primarily impacting lending transactions in a commercial context. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Finance: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to real estate finance law for borrowers and lenders in Pennsylvania. This Q&A addresses state laws relating to security instruments, usury laws, limitations on personal liability, recording requirements and taxes, priority issues, mechanics' liens, landlord liens, title insurance matters, and foreclosure procedures primarily impacting lending transactions in a commercial context. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Finance: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to real estate finance law for borrowers and lenders in Washington. This Q&A addresses state laws relating to security instruments, usury laws, limitations on personal liability, recording requirements and taxes, priority issues, mechanics' liens, landlord liens, title insurance matters, and foreclosure procedures primarily impacting lending transactions in a commercial context. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Finance: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate leasing law for landlords and tenants in Alabama. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact commercial leasing, including the execution and enforceability of leases, disclosures, transfer taxes, rents and security deposits, permitted assignments, financings, and remedies. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Leasing: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate leasing law for landlords and tenants in California. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact commercial leasing, including the execution and enforceability of leases, disclosures, transfer taxes, rents and security deposits, permitted assignments, financings, and remedies. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Leasing: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate leasing law for landlords and tenants in Delaware. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact commercial leasing, including the execution and enforceability of leases, disclosures, transfer taxes, rents and security deposits, permitted assignments, financings, remedies, and automatic terminations in foreclosure actions. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Leasing: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate leasing law for landlords and tenants in Massachusetts. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact commercial leasing, including the execution and enforceability of leases, disclosures, transfer taxes, rents and security deposits, permitted assignments, financings, remedies, and automatic terminations in foreclosure actions. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Leasing: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate leasing law for landlords and tenants in Nevada. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact commercial leasing, including the execution and enforceability of leases, disclosures, transfer taxes, rents and security deposits, permitted assignments, financings, and remedies. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Leasing: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate leasing law for landlords and tenants in New York. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact commercial leasing, including the execution and enforceability of leases, disclosures, transfer taxes, rents and security deposits, permitted assignments, financings, remedies, and automatic terminations in foreclosure actions. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Leasing: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate leasing law for landlords and tenants in Texas. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact commercial leasing, including the execution and enforceability of leases, disclosures, transfer taxes, rents and security deposits, permitted assignments, financings, remedies, and automatic terminations in foreclosure actions. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Leasing: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate leasing law for landlords and tenants in Wisconsin. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact commercial leasing, including the execution and enforceability of leases, disclosures, transfer taxes, rents and security deposits, permitted assignments, financings, and remedies. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Leasing: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate laws for owners and purchasers in Arizona. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact the ownership and the purchase and sale of commercial real estate, including real property taxes, transfer taxes, instruments for transferring fee title, execution and recording requirements, necessary disclosures, title insurance matters, and risk of loss. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Ownership: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate laws for owners and purchasers in Connecticut. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact the ownership and the purchase and sale of commercial real estate, including real property taxes, transfer taxes, instruments for transferring fee title, execution and recording requirements, necessary disclosures, title insurance matters, and risk of loss. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Ownership: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate laws for owners and purchasers in Florida. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact the ownership and the purchase and sale of commercial real estate, including real property taxes, transfer taxes, instruments for transferring fee title, execution and recording requirements, necessary disclosures, title insurance matters, and risk of loss. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Ownership: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate laws for owners and purchasers in Nevada. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact the ownership and the purchase and sale of commercial real estate, including real property taxes, transfer taxes, instruments for transferring fee title, execution and recording requirements, necessary disclosures, title insurance matters, and risk of loss. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Ownership: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate laws for owners and purchasers in New York. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact the ownership and the purchase and sale of commercial real estate, including real property taxes, transfer taxes, instruments for transferring fee title, execution and recording requirements, necessary disclosures, title insurance matters, and risk of loss. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Ownership: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate laws for owners and purchasers in Texas. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact the ownership and the purchase and sale of commercial real estate, including real property taxes, transfer taxes, instruments for transferring fee title, execution and recording requirements, necessary disclosures, title insurance matters, and risk of loss. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Ownership: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to commercial real estate laws for owners and purchasers in Wisconsin. This Q&A addresses state laws and customs that impact the ownership and the purchase and sale of commercial real estate, including real property taxes, transfer taxes, instruments for transferring fee title, execution and recording requirements, necessary disclosures, title insurance matters, and risk of loss. Federal, local or municipal law may impose additional or different requirements. Answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions (see Real Estate Ownership: State Q&A Tool).

A Q&A guide to construction and projects law in South Korea. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the main trends and significant deals; the main parties; procurement arrangements; transaction structures and corporate vehicles; financing projects; security and contractual protections that funders require; standard forms of contracts; risk allocation; excluding liability, including caps and force majeure; contractual provisions covering material delays and variations; appointing and paying contractors; subcontractors; licences and consents; projects insurance; labour laws; health and safety; environmental issues; corrupt business practices and bribery; bankruptcy/insolvency; public private partnerships (PPPs); dispute resolution; tax and mitigating tax liability; the main construction organisations; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the construction and projects Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to construction and projects law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/construction-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Argentina. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool.  This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Brazil. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Canada. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool.  This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in China. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool.  This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Denmark. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Germany. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool.  This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Indonesia. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Japan. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool.  This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Mexico. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Spain. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Turkey. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool.  This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in the United Arab Emirates. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

Over the past few years Dubai has implemented various laws that seek to transfer responsibility for the management and maintenance of common areas in developments from the developer to the owners of the individual units within the development, most notably Law No. 27 of 2007 and its Directions issued in 2010 (jointly owned property law) (JOP Law). There have been some difficulties in achieving the aims of the JOP Law, particularly in relation to the recovery of service charges. This article introduces the JOP Law and its aims and goes on to highlight the difficulties that are being encountered with implementation. The article concludes by discussing how these issues have led to adaptations in the market and suggests potential longer term solutions. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

This table summarises transfer tax and notarisation rules applied to the sale of real estate in jurisdictions worldwide. This table is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to construction and projects law in France. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the main trends and significant deals; the main parties; procurement arrangements; transaction structures and corporate vehicles; financing projects; security and contractual protections that funders require; standard forms of contracts; risk allocation; excluding liability, including caps and force majeure; contractual provisions covering material delays and variations; appointing and paying contractors; subcontractors; licences and consents; projects insurance; labour laws; health and safety; environmental issues; corrupt business practices and bribery; bankruptcy/insolvency; public private partnerships (PPPs); dispute resolution; tax and mitigating tax liability; the main construction organisations; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the construction and projects Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to construction and projects law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/construction-mjg.

This flowchart is part of the Australia Q&A article, part of the Construction and Projects multi-jurisdictional guide. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/construction-mjg.

This table is part of the project financing and infrastructure development analysis article, part of the Construction and Projects multi-jurisdictional guide. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/construction-mjg.

This Article discusses the purpose and enforceability of usury savings clauses under the laws of certain key jurisdictions, including New York, New Jersey, Texas and California. This Article also discusses the consequences of a lender violating a state's usury statutes.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Belgium. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. For a full list of recommended corporate real estate lawyers and law firms in Belgium, please visit PLC Which lawyer? To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool.  This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Greece. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. For a full list of recommended corporate real estate lawyers and law firms in Greece, please visit PLC Which lawyer? To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool.  This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Ukraine. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the corporate real estate market trends; real estate investment structures, including REITs; legislation; title and public registers of title; confidential information; state guarantee of title; tenure; sale of real estate; seller's liability; due diligence; warranties; cost; taxes and mitigation, including VAT and stamp duty/transfer tax; climate change targets; third party outsourcing; restrictions on foreign ownership or occupation; finance; leases; planning law and consents; and proposals for reform. For a full list of recommended corporate real estate lawyers and law firms in Ukraine, please visit PLC Which lawyer? To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Corporate Real Estate Country Q&A tool.  This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestate-mjg.

A Q&A guide to construction and projects law in Austria. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the main trends and significant deals; the main parties; procurement arrangements; transaction structures and corporate vehicles; financing projects; security and contractual protections that funders require; standard forms of contracts; risk allocation; excluding liability, including caps and force majeure; contractual provisions covering material delays and variations; appointing and paying contractors; subcontractors; licences and consents; projects insurance; labour laws; health and safety; environmental issues; corrupt business practices and bribery; bankruptcy/insolvency; public private partnerships (PPPs); dispute resolution; tax and mitigating tax liability; the main construction organisations; and proposals for reform. For a full list of recommended construction and projects law firms and lawyers in Austria, please visit PLC Which lawyer? This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to construction and projects law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/constructionhandbook.

A Q&A guide to construction and projects law in Chile. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the main trends and significant deals; the main parties; procurement arrangements; transaction structures and corporate vehicles; financing projects; security and contractual protections that funders require; standard forms of contracts; risk allocation; excluding liability, including caps and force majeure; contractual provisions covering material delays and variations; appointing and paying contractors; subcontractors; licences and consents; projects insurance; labour laws; health and safety; environmental issues; corrupt business practices and bribery; bankruptcy/insolvency; public private partnerships (PPPs); dispute resolution; tax and mitigating tax liability; the main construction organisations; and proposals for reform. For a full list of recommended construction and projects law firms and lawyers in Chile, please visit PLC Which lawyer? This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to construction and projects law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/constructionhandbook.

A Q&A guide to construction and projects law in Romania. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the main trends and significant deals; the main parties; procurement arrangements; transaction structures and corporate vehicles; financing projects; security and contractual protections that funders require; standard forms of contracts; risk allocation; excluding liability, including caps and force majeure; contractual provisions covering material delays and variations; appointing and paying contractors; subcontractors; licences and consents; projects insurance; labour laws; health and safety; environmental issues; corrupt business practices and bribery; bankruptcy/insolvency; public private partnerships (PPPs); dispute resolution; tax and mitigating tax liability; the main construction organisations; and proposals for reform. For a full list of recommended construction and projects law firms and lawyers in Romania, please visit PLC Which lawyer? This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to construction and projects law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/constructionhandbook.

A Q&A guide to construction and projects law in The Netherlands. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the main trends and significant deals; the main parties; procurement arrangements; transaction structures and corporate vehicles; financing projects; security and contractual protections that funders require; standard forms of contracts; risk allocation; excluding liability, including caps and force majeure; contractual provisions covering material delays and variations; appointing and paying contractors; subcontractors; licences and consents; projects insurance; labour laws; health and safety; environmental issues; corrupt business practices and bribery; bankruptcy/insolvency; public private partnerships (PPPs); dispute resolution; tax and mitigating tax liability; the main construction organisations; and proposals for reform. For a full list of recommended construction and projects law firms and lawyers in The Netherlands, please visit PLC Which lawyer? This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to construction and projects law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/constructionhandbook.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate in Slovakia. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestatehandbook.

A Q&A guide to corporate real estate law in Sweden. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestatehandbook.

German open-ended real estate funds have been successful for many years. However, the financial crises from 2004 to 2005 and from 2008 to 2009 created problems for these funds, which now require reform. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/realestatehandbook.

After extensive debate, the UK set up a REIT regime in 2007. This article looks at the conditions and tax treatment of the REIT regime, the legal and regulatory framework, market trends and the market outlook for REITs. This chapter is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to corporate real estate. For a full list of articles and Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/realestatehandbook.

A Q&A guide to foreign investment in real estate in Alabama.

A Q&A guide to foreign investment in real estate in Colorado.

A Q&A guide to foreign investment in real estate in Tennessee.

A Q&A guide to real estate finance law in Colorado.

A Q&A guide to real estate finance law in Tennessee.

A Q&A guide to real estate leasing law in Colorado.

A Q&A guide to real estate leasing law in Tennessee.

A Q&A guide to real estate ownership law in Indiana.

A Q&A guide to real estate ownership law in Virginia.

An article about mezzanine loan foreclosures.

An overview of the issues to consider when security is provided by a borrower to a lender in connection with a secured financing in the US.This article is part of the PLC US Special Report, which was published to mark the launch of PLC's first US services.

PLC Global has published the 2012-13 edition of the Construction and Projects multi-jurisdictional guide. The guide offers a comprehensive review of construction and projects law across 22 jurisdictions including Brazil and the UAE.